Review Article: The importance of Omega-3 fatty acids in fish on human health 2 2 Heart failure (HF) incidence increases worldwide and is affected by various risk factors such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Dietary recommendations for patients with HF have generally focused on sodium restriction; however, different nutritional approaches are considered in patients with a high risk of malnutrition due to the diuretic drugs they use. Omega-3 fatty acids obtained from aquatic organisms are essential regulators of cardiovascular health. There are different opinions on giving/consuming omega-3 fatty acids (and supplements) to improve the symptoms of heart failure. Although found mainly in oily fish, EPA and DHA, the marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are now found in commercially available supplements over the counter (as fish oils) or as concentrated pharmaceutical preparations. Fatty fish is the premier natural food source of EPA and DHA. In this study, we review the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, associated with low cardiovascular disease risk, on HF while trying to understand if it could ameliorate or exacerbate HF. 1 6 2021/08/21 1400/5/30 2021/10/17 1400/7/25 D. N Kaplan D. N Kaplan Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karabük University, Karabük, 78050 Turkey Turkey dilarakaplan@karabuk.edu.tr Z Selamoglu Z Selamoglu Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, 51240 Turkey Turkey zselamoglu@ohu.edu.tr Diet Heart failure Fish Fishery products Nutrition Omega-3 fatty acids Alhassan A., Young J., Lean M. E. J. and Lara J., 2017. Consumption of fish and vascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Atherosclerosis, 266, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.028##Block R. C., Liu L., Herrington D. M., Huang S., Tsai M. Y., O’Connell T. D. and Shearer G. C., 2019. Predicting Risk for Incident Heart Failure With Omega-3 Fatty Acids. JACC: Heart Failure, 7(8), 651-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2019.03.008##Değertekin M., Erol Ç., Ergene O., Tokgözoğlu L., Aksoy M., Erol MK., Eren M., Şahin M., Eroğlu E., Mutlu B. and Kozan Ö., 2012. Heart Failure Prevalence and Predictors in Turkey: HAPPY Study. Archives of The Turkish Society of Cardiology, 404, 298-308. https://doi.org/10.5543/tkda.2012.65031##Donat‐Vargas C., Bellavia A., Berglund M., Glynn A., Wolk A. and Akesson A., 2020. Cardiovascular and cancer mortality in relation to dietary polychlorinated biphenyls and marine polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional‐toxicological aspect of fish consumption. Journal of Internal Medicine, 287; 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12995##Eclov J. A., Qian Q., Redetzke R., Chen Q., Wu S. C., Healy C. L., Steven B., Harmon E., Shearer GC. and O’Connell T. D., 2015. EPA, not DHA, prevents fibrosis in pressure overload-induced heart failure: potential role of free fatty acid receptor 4. Journal of Lipid Research, 56(12), 2297–2308. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M062034##Franco J., Formiga F., Trullas J.-C., Salamanca Bautista P., Conde A., Manzano L., Quirós R., Franco GA., Ezquerro AM. and Montero-Pérez-Barquero, M., 2017. Impact of prealbumin on mortality and hospital readmission in patients with acute heart failure. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 43, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2017.05.009##GISSI-HF investigators, 2008. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 372(9645), 1223–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61239-8##Kris-Etherton, P. M., 2002. Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 106(21), 2747–2757. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94##Li , Y. H., Zhou, C. H., Pei, H. J., Zhou, X.L., Li, L. H, Wu, Y. J. and Hui, R.T., 2013. Fish consumption and incidence of heart failure: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Chinese Medical Journal, 126(5), 942-948.##Li, N., Wu, X., Zhuang, W., Xia, L., Chen, Y., Wu, C., Raod, Z., Due, L., Zhaob, R.,Yib, M., Wanb, Q. and Zhou, Y., 2020. Fish consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 99, 273-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.033##Metra, M. and Teerlink, J. R., 2017. Heart failure. The Lancet, 390(10106), 1981–1995. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31071-1##Özaltun, B. and Sevindik, M., 2020. Evaluation of the effects on atherosclerosis and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Agaricus xanthodermus poisonous mushroom. The European Research Journal, 6(6), 539-544. https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.524149##Punia S., Sandhu K. S., Siroha A. K. and Dhull S. B., 2019. Omega 3-Metabolism, Absorption, Bioavailability and health benefits- A review. PharmaNutrition, 10, 100162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2019.100162##Rimm, E. B., Appel, L. J., Chiuve, S. E., Djoussé, L., Engler, M. B. Kris-Etherton, P. M., Mozaffarian, D., Siscovick, D. S. and Lichtenstein, A. H., 2018. Seafood Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From The American Heart Association. Circulation, 138(1), e35–e47. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000574 ##Saravanan, P., Davidson, N. C., Schmidt, E. B. and Calder, P. C., 2010. Cardiovascular effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids. The Lancet, 376(9740), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60445-X##Selamoglu, M., 2021. Importance of the cold chain logistics in the marketing process of aquatic products: An updated study. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 8(1), 25-29.##Selamoglu, Z., 2018a. Selenium compounds for fish health: An update. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 4(2), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.18331/SFS2018.4.2.1##Selamoglu, Z., 2018b. The Using of Honeybee products in Fishery and Apitherapy: A mini-review. Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 4(1), 124-128. https://doi.org/10.29252/ijaah.4.1.124##Sevindik, M., Ozdemir, B., Bal, C., and Selamoglu, Z., 2021. Bioactivity of EtOH and MeOH Extracts of Basidiomycetes Mushroom (Stereum hirsutum) on Atherosclerosis. Archives of Razi Institute, 76(1), 87-94.##Sevindik, M., Özdemir, B., Braidy, N., Akgül, H., Akata, İ. and Selamoğlu, Z., 2021. Potential Cardiogenic Effects of Poisonous Mushrooms. Mantar Dergisi, 12(1), 80-86.##Wallin, A., Di Giuseppe D., Orsini N., Patel P. S., Forouhi N. G. and Wol, A., 2012. 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Research Article: Bioaccumulation of different concentrations of Butachlor in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) 2 2 The herbicides used in agriculture threaten aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity on a global scale. There are several reports on the residues of currently used herbicides in the tissues of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to determine the effect of concentration on the accumulation of Butachlor in liver tissue in zebrafish fish exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the toxin. In this study, we investigated the losses and residual toxins in the water and the liver of the zebrafish exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Butachlor herbicide. This study was performed on 680 zebrafish. Initially, to determine the LC50-96 h value, a preliminary pilot study was performed, according to which, the main experiment was then conducted considering four treatments each with three replicates for 30 days. The experimental groups included T1 (exposure to 40% of the LC50-96 h concentration of Butachlor), T2 (exposure to 60% of LC50-96 h), T3 (exposure to 80% of LC50-96 h), and control (C). Mortality was recorded daily. Sampling was conducted from water and liver tissues on the first day and the days 15 and 30 to determine Butachlor residues using gas chromatography (GC). The results showed that Butachlor residue in water was associated with the concentration of the toxin and the exposure time, (T3>T2>T1 groups; p <0.05). According to the results, the highest mortality and residual Butachlor in the liver tissue were related to the T2>T3>T1> C groups on days 15 and 30 after exposure (p <0.05) respectively. According to the results of this study, Butachlor herbicide can accumulate in liver tissues of zebrafish even when it is used in low concentrations. Also the behavioral and clinical features following Butachlor use included restlessness, rapid respiration, air swallowing at the surface of the water, loss of balance, and disoriented swimming was observed. Regarding the importance of fish as the protein source in humans’ food, this phenomenon can be a potential threat to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the application of this toxin and replace it with alternative compounds. 7 18 2021/08/212021/08/20 1400/5/29 2021/10/172021/10/30 1400/8/8 P Arayesh P Arayesh Environment Department, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Iran parisa_ara63@yahoo.com S Motahari S Motahari Environment Department, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Iran smotahari@riau.ac.ir R Kazempoor R Kazempoor Department of Biology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Iran r.kazempoor@riau.ac.ir M Farahani M Farahani Department of Environment, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Iran mfarahani@riau.ac.ir Butachlor Herbicide Zebrafish Bioaccumulation Abigail, M., Samuel, S. M. and Ramalingam, C., 2015. Addressing the environmental impacts of Butachlor and the available remediation strategies: a systematic review. International journal of environmental science and technology, 12(12), 4025-4036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0866-2##Altinok, I., Capkin, E. and Boran, H., 2012. Mutagenic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibitory effects of carbosulfan in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 102(1), 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.10.011##Ateeq, B., Ali, M. N. and Ahmad, W., 2002. Induction of micronuclei and erythrocyte alterations in the catfish Clarias batrachus by 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and butachlor. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 518(2), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00075-X##Ateeq, B., Farah, M. A. and Ahmad, W., 2006. Evidence of apoptotic effects of 2, 4-D and butachlor on walking catfish, Clarias batrachus, by transmission electron microscopy and DNA degradation studies. Life Sciences, 78(9), 977-986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.008##Barnhoorn, I. and van Dyk, C., 2020. 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Research Article: Identification of Chalcalburnus chalcoides internal parasites in Sefidrood River, Guilan, Iran 2 2 During this research from April to August 2020, some 30 fish of Chalcalburnus chalcoides were caught from different parts of Sefidrood by cast nets. The fish were anesthetized using 25 mg/l of clove flower extract. In order to identify the parasites, blood, eyes, various internal organs were sampled. All of the isolated parasites were stained and clarified using Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and valid parasitology keys. Examination of internal parts of Chalcalburnus chalcoides revealed varying degrees of infestation by different parasitic species, including fish eyes infection by trematodes Diplostomum spathaceum, (infestation percentage 53.3%). Meanwhile, blood was affected mainly by Trypanosome percae (13.3%), Cryptobia sp. (10%), abdominal cavity by Eustrongylides excisus (20%), Clinostomum complanatum (13.3%), anisakis larvae (23.3%), Asymphylodora kubanicum (46.6%), Caryophylaelus laticeps (13%), Khavaia arminica (76.6%), metacercaria plerocercoid Ligula intestinalis (13.3%), Bothriocephalus gowkongensis (20%), Raphidascaris acus (26%) and Corynosoma caspicum (30%). Almost all of the examined fish were found to have been infested by at least one or two parasite species. The new finding of this research is that isolation and identification of four parasites species namely as zoonosis Clinostomum complanatum, Eustrongylides excisus, Ligula intestinalis and Anisakis larvae are reported in this fish species for the first time. 19 29 2021/08/212021/08/202021/08/3 1400/5/12 2021/10/172021/10/302021/11/5 1400/8/14 M Rahanandeh M Rahanandeh Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Iran rahanandeh1340@gmail.com B Tizkar B Tizkar Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Iran M Abedi M Abedi Intitute of Agricultural Education and Extension, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Iran Guilan Sefidrood River parasites Chalcalburnus chalcoides Abbasi, A., valipour, A., Talebi haghighi, D., Sarpanah, A. and Nezami, Sh., 1999. Atlas of Iranian fishes Guilan Inland Waters, 1, 52. (In Persian)##Agnetti, F., Sensidoni, L., Marrocchi, E.D.R., Lo Vaglio, G., Sgariglia, E., Valentini, A., Ghittino, C., Caffara, M., Gustinelli, A. and Fioravanti, M.L., 2016. Presence of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in fish species of the Trasimeno lake (Umbria): preliminary data [Conference poster]. In XVII Congresso Nazionale SI Di. LV, Pacengo di Lazise (VR), Italia, 28-30 settembre 2016 (pp. 253-254). Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).##Arabani, I., 2001. Gilan Book, Volume One, Iran Researchers Group Publications, E, 2, 69 (In Persian)##Arizono, N., Yamada, M., Tegoshi, T. and Yoshikawa, M., 2012. Anisakis simplex sensustricto and Anisakis pegreffii: biological characteristics and pathogenetic potential in human anisakiasis. Foodborne pathogens and disease, 9(6), 517-521. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2011.1076##Asgari, R., 2009. 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Research Article: The effect of biofloc-supplemented diets on the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Analysis of water quality, growth performance, and biochemical composition 2 2 This study has investigated the impacts of biofloc on water quality, growth parameters, and whole-body composition of the Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (initial average weight 5.23±0.20 g). Five experimental treatments were designed: Shrimp fed basal diet (Control), 5 and 10% wet biofloc-supplemented diets (W5 and W10), 5 and 10% dried biofloc-supplemented diets (D5 and D10) for 32 days. Experimental tanks (50 liters) as triplicate for each treatment, was stocked 12 shrimps. During the experiment, chemical and physical water parameters were examined and were not different statistically among experimental treatments. At the end of the experiment, in W10 treatment, the growth parameters were significantly higher than the control treatment. Also, in W10 and D5 treatments, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly better than the control. Compared to other treatments, significantly better protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lipid efficiency ratio (LER) were observed in W10 treatment. Results indicated that in W10 and D5 treatments, the protein, ash, and dry matter contents of the shrimp were significantly higher compared to the control treatment. Also, in W10, D5, and D10 treatments, carcass lipid and fiber contents were significantly higher compared to the control. Overall, the best performance was observed in shrimp fed on 10% wet biofloc-supplemented diet. 30 43 2021/08/212021/08/202021/08/32020/04/13 1399/1/25 2021/10/172021/10/302021/11/52021/11/6 1400/8/15 M Barzamini M Barzamini Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Golestan, Iran. Iran barzamini.m69@gmail.com M Harsij M Harsij Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, P.O. Box:163, Gonbad Kavous, Iran Iran m_harsij80@yahoo.com H Adineh H Adineh Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, P.O. Box:163, Gonbad Kavous, Iran Iran adineh.h@gmail.com H Jafaryan H Jafaryan Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, P.O. Box:163, Gonbad Kavous, Iran Iran hojat.jafaryan@gmail.com White leg shrimp Microbial flocs Growth Body composition Water treatment Abbaszadeh, A., Keyvanshokooh, S., Yavari, V., Naderi, M. 2019. Proteome modifications of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) muscle under biofloc system. Aquaculture Nutrition, 25 (2), 358-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12861##Adineh, H., Naderi, M., Hamidi, M.K., Harsij, M. 2019. 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Research Article: Effects of diet supplementation with different level of Celmanax® (Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall with Mannan-Oligosaccharides) on health, environmental stress and Yersiniosis in Oncorhynchus mykiss 2 2 This study aimed to investigate the effects of complementary rainbow trout diets with different concentrations of Celmanax® (active compounds of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS)) on immune responses, pressure resistance and resistance to Yersiniosis. Rainbow trout were fed with a diet containing various concentration levels of S.cerevisiae with MOS (prebiotic) (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1%) for 60 days. While evaluating some of the parameters of the immune system, the blood samples were prepared from the tuber stem vein every 30 days. On day sixty of the study, various stress tests including temperature increases, hypoxia and induction of experimental disease with Yersinia ruckeri were also performed in all the experimental groups. Results showed that lysozyme activity, alternative complement pathway and total antibody were significantly elevated by diets containing different concentrations of prebiotic and the effective supplementation diet concentration was found to be 0.1% (p<0.05). However, the results of environmental pressures and exposure to bacteria showed that rainbow trout resistance was increased with different concentrations of prebiotic and the effective supplementation diet concentration was also 0.1% (p<0.05). Based on these findings, it is suggested that to increase and enhance immunity and improve rainbow trout resistance, it would be appropriate to add 0.1% concentration of prebiotic in the diet. 44 60 2021/08/212021/08/202021/08/32020/04/132021/06/11 1400/3/21 2021/10/172021/10/302021/11/52021/11/62021/11/8 1400/8/17 A Khodadadi A Khodadadi Department of Health, Aquatic Animal Health and Disease, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Aquatic Animals Health and Control of Diseases, Iran Veterinary Organization, Iran Iran aminkhodadadi@ymail.com H Malekinejad H Malekinejad Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Iran vet12875@gmail.com M. S Hosseini M. S Hosseini Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Iran m.hoseini@gmail.com Environmental pressures Prebiotics Rainbow trout Yersiniosis Microbial challenges Celmanax® Amar, E.C. Kiron, V. Satoh, S. Okamoto. N. and Watanabe. T., 2000. Effects of dietary b-carotene on the immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fisheries science, 66, 1068-1075.##Atanu‌Ghosh, A. Mondal, K. and Chandra. K., 2014. Modulation of small intestinal homeostasis along with its microflora during acclimatization at simulated hypobaric hypoxia. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 52(11), 1098-1105.##Austin, B., 2006. The Bacterial Microflora of Fish, Revised. The Scientific World Journal, 6, 931-945.##Azad, I.S. and Al-Marzouk. A., 2008. Autochthonous aquaculture probiotics: a critical analysis. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 3, 171-177.##Azari, A.H. Hashim, R. Habibi Rezaei, M. Sharifzadeh Baei, M. Najafpour, S. Roohi, A. and Darvishi. M., 2011. The effects of commercial probiotic and prebiotic usage on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzyme activities in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). World Applied Science Journal, 14, 26-35.##Balcázar, J.L. De Blas, I. Ruiz-Zazuela, I. Cunningham, D. Vandrell, D. and Muzquiz. J.L., 2006. The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Veterinary Microbiology, 114, 173-186.##Benites, V. Gilharry, R. Gernat, A.G. and Murillo. J.G., 2008. Effect of Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide from Bio-Mos or SAF-Mannan on Live Performance of Broiler Chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 17, 471-475.##Burr, G. Gatlin, D. and Ricke. S., 2005. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of fish and the potential application of prebiotics and probiotics in finfish aquaculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 36, 425-436.##Cabello, F.C., 2006. 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Research Article: The effect of different doses of GnRH on stress responses in female koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) 2 2 This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different doses of GnRH on stress response in female koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, forty sexually mature female koi carp with an average weight of 102.05 ± 9.03 g were divided to four groups and fish received with a single intraperitoneal 0.9% NaCl with 20 mg kg-1 metoclopramide (C); 10 μg kg body weight-1 (BW) GnRH with 20 mg kg-1 metoclopramide (Gn10); 20 μg kg BW-1 GnRH with 20 mg kg-1 metoclopramide (Gn20); 50 μg kg BW-1 GnRH with 20 mg kg-1 metoclopramide (Gn50). Blood samples were collected before and after ovulation (approximately 24 h post-injection). The concentrations of plasma cortisol, lactate, and glucose were measured. Broodstocks who received GnRH spawned, while broodstocks of the group C did not spawn. The Gn10, Gn20, and Gn50 treatments led to significantly higher cortisol, lactate, and glucose concentration after ovulation compared to before injection (p< 0.05). The present results showed that females are highly sensitive to manipulation during reproduction and higher levels of the hormone cause more stress broodstocks, so they must be held with minimal disorders, especially during spawning period. 61 68 2021/08/212021/08/202021/08/32020/04/132021/06/112021/07/3 1400/4/12 2021/10/172021/10/302021/11/52021/11/62021/11/82021/11/9 1400/8/18 M. M Eslami M. M Eslami Department of Fisheries, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran Iran gharahboron@yahoo.com S. R Javadian S. R Javadian Department of Fisheries, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran Iran ro.javadian@gmail.com S Bahram S Bahram Department of Fisheries, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran Iran s.bahram@qaemiau.ac.ir Cyprinus carpio GnRH Artificial spawning Hormonal treatment Cortisol Barton, B.A., 2002. Stress in fishes: a diversity of response with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42,517–525. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.517##Bayunova, L., Barannikova, I. and Semenkova, T., 2002. Sturgeon stress reactions in aquaculture. Journal of Appllied Ichthyology, 18,397–404. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00410.x ##Drori, S., Ofir, M., Levavi-Sivan, B. and Yaron, Z., 1994. 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